请仔细阅读下列讲解和文章, 之后完成阅读题目。 讲答案写在相应的题目序号里。请保留资料,不在印制了。 主旨大意 本类考题解答锦囊 一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题,特别是新闻报道,第一小段通常是故事的梗概,这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想;在文章的段落中,则通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心思想。主题句一般具有三个特点: 1.表述的意思比较概括,相对主题句来看,这种概括性更为明显。 2.句子结构较简单,多数都不采用长、难句的形式。 3.段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。 理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要学会寻找主题句。一般来说,在一个段落中,主题句的位置有五种情况: 1.主题句在段首:在有主题句的段落中,主题句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演绎法撰写的段落,往往遵循从一般到个别的写作程序,即以概述开始,随之详细解说。 2.主题句在段尾:与主题句位于段首的情况相反,主题句位于段尾时,通常用归纳法撰写。表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此而结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往陈述依据上文的细节的结论或建议,归纳的要点或共性以及得出的观察印象或结果。 3.主题句在段中:当主题句位于段中,开段的句子往往表述段落要论述的主题,而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。此外,为阐明主题思想,在主题句之后,仍有一些句子陈述细节,或作合乎逻辑的引申。这一类的段落包括三个层次:引题——主题——解释,或提问——回答——解释。 屯主题句在段首和段尾:在一些文段中,作者为了突出主题思想,并暗示读者,这段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼应、两次点题的写作乎法。值得注意的是,表述同一主题思想的两个主题句,在句型结构和用词方面往往不尽—致,而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复,多半有所引申或顺应其向细节的铺叙而有所侧重。 5.主题句暗含在段中:不是所有的段落都有主题句。尤其是在多段文章中,主题句并没有明确表述。阅读这样的文段,主要通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的主题思想,含蓄地表达文段的主题思想。对于无主题句的文段,不可能采用辩论主题句的方法来获取其主题思想。而应正确理解作者提供的所有细节,包括事实、观点和事件,在大脑中形成初步印象。然后发挥自己的逻辑概括能力,概括作者提供的事实、观点和事件,综合归纳成一般概念。这种概念不一定能达到主题句那样完整,但只要切合文段的主题即可。 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,也包括分析、归纳文章的段落大意、重要睛节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求学生把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心句;要求能较好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,难度较大,属于高层次题。在运用多项选择法考查学生这方面的阅读理解能力时,对大多数短文(段落)的主题(subject),中心思想(mabidea),标题(titlle)或作者的写作目的加以拟题。拟题大致有以下固定的提问方式: 1.The subiect of the paragraph(passage)is______. 2.The paragraph(passage)deals with______. 3.What topic is treated in this paragraph(passage)? 4. The main idea of the paragraph(passage)is ? 5. From the paragraph(passage)we know that ? 6. The paragraph (passage)could be entitled ? 7. Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)? 8. What is the author's main purpose目的? 凡遇到这样的一些问题,我们都应从理解主题思想去考虑答案是哪一个。 I 高考最新热门题 1.(典型例题季卷) A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man--the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort. This attitude toward manual (体力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American lif~ One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪华地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education. 1. From Paragraph 1 , we can know that in America A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self--made man B. people can always rise to the top through their own efforts C. college professors win great respect from common workers D. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers 2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because A. servants in America are hard to get B. she takes pride in what she can do herself C. she can hardly afford servants D. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food 3. The expression "wait on table" in the second paragraph means A. work in a furniture shop B. keep accounts for a bar C. wait to lay the table D. serve customers in a restaurant 4. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage? A. A Respectable Self--made Family B. American Attitude toward Manual Labor C. Characteristics of American Culture D. The Development of Manual Labo 命题目的与解题技巧:本文的命题目的是考查考生概括主题的能力。做这类题的决窍就是找主题句。本文共两段,主题句为每段的第一句话。找出主题句,就不难抓住本文的主题思想。 【解 析】 本文介绍了美国人民在生活中尊重通过自己的勤奋劳动而获得成功的人这样一种文化。 【答 案】 1.A这是一道段落主旨题。从第一段内容可知整段都围绕第一句话展开,因而第一句话是这一段的主题句,说明在美国手工工人很受尊敬。 2.B 本题为细节题。第二段倒数第四句说女主人自已做饭的原因是她们为自己能动手做饭而感到骄傲。 3.D 猜测词义题。根据sswashdishesfOrhis 1iving"可推测出wait。ntable的意思“在饭店当招待员”。 4.B 本题是主旨题。这篇短文主要讲述美国人对手工劳动的态度。 2.(典型例题 If there is no difference in general intelligence (智力) between boys and girls, what can explain girls' poor performance in science and mathematics? It seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. Mathematics and science are seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. Interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are difficult, but for social reasons. Girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine (女性的) and attractive. However, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there are girls. This difference appears to be world-wide. Biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too. Perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. From their first days in kindergarten, boys are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks. Facts show that outstanding (杰出的) mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers. Besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their girl students. They even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls. They spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. They are more likely to call on boys for answers and to allow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. They also praise boys more frequently. All of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence(信心) that they are able to succeed. Such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. When it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls. 1. Girls are likely to think that___________. A. science courses are for both boys and girls B. science courses make them more popular C. science courses make them successful D. science courses are difficult for them 2. The text mainly discusses ______ reasons for the difference between boys and girls in scientific achievements. A. biological B. historical C. social D. personal 3. What are boys usually encouraged to do at school? A. To get help with their homework. B. To play the leading role in class. C. To work with girl students in class. D. To learn to take care of others. 4. What does the passage say about great mathematicians? A. Their teachers did not supply answers to them. B. They started learning mathematics at an earlier age. C. They showed mathematical abilities in their teenage years. D. Their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics. 5. The author would probably agree that ______. A. boys and girls learn in the same way B. boys and girls are equal in general intelligence C. girls are more confident in themselves than before D. girls should take fewer science courses than boys 【解 析】 本文是议论文,主要分析了男孩跟女孩在数学学习方面差异形成的原因。 【答案】 F 1.D 要求考生根据细节进行推断。文章第二段中第三句话说明女孩们不愿选修这些理科课程,似乎认为这些很难。 2.C 考查概括主旨大意的能力。文章第三段虽提到了 biological reason,但这并不是作者要强调的。“Biological explanations have been offered for this,but there are other explanations too.”再看全文。作者主要探讨的学校教育,甚至学前教育所造成的影响,属于social reasons. 3.B 这是一道细节理解题。文章第五段在讨论学校教育时说“They are more likely to call on boys for answers and to alloW them to take the lead in classroom discussion”,意思就是说在班里起带头作用。 4.A 考查对文章细节的理解能力。第四段提到男女生的差异可能源于他们在幼儿园受到的教育。对大数学家的调查提到“Facts show that outstanding mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers"。 5.B 考查对作者观点的理解。文章第一句话说“IIthere is no diference in general intelligence between boys and grls...”,表明作者承认男女之间智力并无大的差异,导致他们后天在理科方面的差距的直接原因不是智力,而是学校教育。之后作者不再提智力方面的差异,说明作者承认这个前提。 由上面两个例题我们可以看出,文章的中心思想或主旨大意一定带有综合概括性。 Passage1 (典型例题 It was a warm April day when a big fat envelope came in themail from theonlycOllege I had ever iiliagined attending. I to reopen the packet. My eyes were nxed on the word“congratulations”l don't remember ever smiling so Wide. Then I l00ked at my financial(财政)package. Thecost of Dream School’s tuition(学费),room and board was around(40,000 an impossible sum!How conld I afford to attend?What good reasons did I have to go there when three other fine colleges were offering me free tuittion? My other choices were good, solid schools even if they weren't as famous as my first choice. In my mind,attending my dream university Would be the only way to realize my dream of becoming a world--class writer. My parents understood how I felt. They told me that even though it would be a financial problem, I could go wherever I would be happiest. But as I was always careful with money, I wasn't sure what to do. One of the schools that offered me a full ride had an informational dinner one night in the spring. Considering my parents' financial difficulties, I decided to drive the 45 minutes and attend. At first, all I had planned to do was to smile politely, eat
A
a
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D
d
参考答案：
A
